‘Norwich weavers have not the energy of those of Bradford ‘

A.D. Bayne, A Comprehensive History of the City of Norwich, 1869

Historians have reflected upon the causes of the decline the Norwich textiles industry for over 150 years. Debate has centred on the intransigence of the workforce, the lack of vitality and political factionism of the manufacturers, the geographical disadvantages of Norwich when compared to the North of England, and the failure to adopt new technologies quickly enough.

The number of firms making specialised fabrics and shawls fell dramatically during the 19th century. In the face of stiff competition from the Halifax area for the cheaper worsteds, Norwich weavers had moved further into a narrow sector of the market: the production of complex and fancy fabrics of various kinds. There were centuries of experience in the weaving and finishing of complex weaves, often using subsidiary warps and floating wefts. Elaborate draw loom technology catered specifically for the demands of these cloths. The skill and experience of the highly independent weaving community was renowned. The Norwich weavers would not find the transition to less skilled and less well-paid power weaving an easy one.

As with spinning, power weaving came late to Norwich. By 1838 there were still only 656 looms operating in factories, compared to 3398 in weavers’ homes. Manufacturers were reluctant to turn to new technology for fear of local disapproval. When braver souls did venture, they were sometimes attacked. The shawl manufacturer Willett was even stoned. The strengths of inter-related responsibility, the emphasis of quality of work and fairness of wages, together with centuries of independence and radicalism, had ensured prosperity in the early modern period. However, in the new industrial world such traditions were more of a hindrance than a help. So the massive weaving floors at St James Mill never operated to full capacity and the number of substantial factories in the city remained small. A few achieved lasting success, including Francis Hinde, Willett, Nephew & Company, the Norwich Crape Company and Grouts.